CHAPTER ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY FIVE: NOT ANOTHER CIVIL WAR FORT!
CHAPTER
ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY FIVE: NOT ANOTHER CIVIL WAR FORT!
Just
when I thought there were no more Civil War forts to visit in the Mid-Atlantic
States, the Admiral drove me to Point Lookout, Maryland to visit Fort Lincoln,
“the main Union fortification on the peninsula.” It is not nearly as impressive
as Fort Mifflin in Philadelphia or Fort Monroe in Hampton, but it was built at
the critical point where the Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay.
Location, location, location! All that remains of Fort Lincoln are some of the raised
earthen walls that surrounded the buildings. The only buildings inside the
walls are replicas of bunkhouses for enlisted men and officers and a guard
house. I would venture a guess that this may be the least visited fort on the
entire Atlantic coast. We were the only visitors this past Tuesday, September
23. While the fort was built extremely well to withstand any assaults,
according to one of the narrative signs, “Fort Lincoln saw no action.” Still,
there was plenty of action around Fort Lincoln, especially after the defeat of
the Confederate Army at Gettysburg. The Union Army set up the Point Lookout
Prisoner-of-War Camp on this peninsula bordered by the Potomac and the
Chesapeake. This Prisoner-of- War Camp was also called “Camp Hoffman”. Its
claim to fame (or infamy) is that it held the largest number of military and
civilian prisoners during the Civil War. Historians have documented 52,264
Confederate prisoners (soldiers and civilians) at Camp Hoffman. By comparison, Andersonville
housed 45,000 prisoners (Union soldiers) during this War. “Camp” is an
interesting term for the Point Lookout prison, which housed the POWs in tents.
Their detention was no picnic and this place was no camp. There are 3,384
documented prisoner deaths at Camp Hoffman, although most of the literature
indicates that the death toll was considerably higher. These numbers dwarf the
number of prisoners held at Fort Delaware throughout the Civil War. But Fort
Delaware is in great physical shape and holds countless reenactments to attract
the tourist population. By contrast, Point Lookout, or Camp Hoffman, is pretty
desolate, marked primarily by an obelisk with the names of prisoners who died
there and plaques for each of the states that “succeeded” from the Union. Yes,
a typo on the monument – doesn’t anyone proofread these words before they’re
engraved into stone?
Maryland
had plenty of folks who wanted to secede along with their neighbor, Virginia.
But the federal government could not protect itself in Washington, D.C., had
Maryland been allowed to secede. Shortly after the Confederate troops fired on
Fort Sumter, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania troops were passing through
Baltimore heading South, when they were attacked by citizens of Baltimore. Four
soldiers and twelve citizens were killed, nineteen secessionist legislators and
the Mayor of Baltimore, also a secessionist, were imprisoned, along with other
prominent secessionists. They were denied the right to trial and/or appeal. The
U.S. Government essentially occupied Maryland during the Civil War with a large
number of Union troops. In the 1860 election, there were 92,000 Maryland voters
for President, and just 3000 of those votes were for Lincoln. Move over,
Barack, you are not the least popular president of all time. And you have not
yet had to impose martial law on any states. Even though Maryland was occupied
by federal troops, this occupation did not stop thousands of young Maryland men
from leaving the State to join the Confederate troops, or as the Point Lookout
signpost says, “to join the fight for independence.” There is a distinctly Confederate
“feel” to this area of Maryland, if only because there were so many Confederate
soldiers buried here. Many of their bones have been disinterred and moved to
their home states, but their spirits remain in the Confederate flags and other
Confederate paraphernalia which decorate the memorial to them.
Competing
with the Confederate ambience are the spirits of the residents of “Contraband
Camp”, also located at Point Lookout during the Civil War. As you may have read
in other blogs, the men, women and children who escaped from slavery in the
Southern states were called “contraband of war”, and in that way they were
still considered property by the Union Army, which had no legal duty to return
this “property” to its “owners”. Be that as it may, many African-Americans who
escaped from slavery in the South made it to Lookout Point, where they lived in
freedom for the first time. Although their living conditions have been
described as squalid (caves underground, with a hole for an entrance and a hole
to allow smoke to escape), the African-Americans who made it to this part of
Maryland were FREE. And some of them were lucky enough to have found jobs with
the military, actually getting paid a wage for the first time in their lives. I’m
sure conservative pundits will point to this transition from slavery to the
government payroll as the beginning of the “Welfare State” – anything to put
down the poor, hard-working African-Americans. But let’s face it – the Union
military was hurting for support staff, and the newly free African-Americans brought
many skills with them, not just as laborers, but also as plantation house
managers and cooks and caretakers. I’m not even sure, given their legal status
as contraband of war, that they would have been permitted to work for any other
employer than the U.S. Government. Just another intrusion by Big Government
into our lives – to level the playing field, or rather to provide a playing
field for African-Americans – their first ever in this country. Please don’t
try to draw comparisons between the history of African-Americans in this
country and the history of immigrants from Europe or Asia or South America –
there is simply nothing like being dragged into this country in chains and
enslaved for hundreds of years.
Lookout
Point played an earlier role in American history than its service as both a
prisoner-of-war camp and a contraband camp during the Civil War. It was an
observation post (“lookout” – get it?) for British ships by American soldiers
during both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. But the British took
control of it July 19 through 27, 1813, and they sent raiding parties into St.
Mary’s County while they were in control of the Point. Of course, long before “Americans”
settled here, 5000 years or so, Native Americans lived here. The first groups
were hunters, but later the Conoy Piscataway (easy for you to say) took
advantage of the rich soil to plant tobacco and corn. They were not only
farmers on land, but also “farmed” the Chesapeake for oysters, clams, crabs and
fish. The first Europeans known to venture to Lookout Point were Spanish
sailors in the 1500s. After their forays around the Point, Captain John Smith
and his buddies explored the peninsula. As we toured the peninsula last
Tuesday, it was populated by people fishing on the Bay side and a few parks
employees mowing the grass at what is left of Fort Lincoln – oh yes, and by one
solitary jogger. For some reason the small Lookout Point Park Museum is closed
on Tuesdays – that could explain the scarcity of people. But it just wears this
shroud of neglect, in other words, it’s a great place to visit if you want to
get away from crowds, yet still learn a little bit more about American history.
The
Lookout Point lighthouse is still operative – also closed when we visited. It
is opened for tours from time to time, and apparently there are a lot of
ghostbusters who like to tour this particular lighthouse. Many specters have
been detected by those in the business of specter detecting. Some very serious
studies have been conducted into the presence or absence of ghosts at this
location. There were so many stories of strange noises and sightings here that
a parapsychologist studied the lighthouse for the presence of ghosts in 1980,
and get this, the Maryland Committee for Psychical Research held a séance inside
the lighthouse. It doesn’t get much weirder than that. For my part, I am more
interested in the fact that many of the lightkeepers at this lighthouse were
women. Women became lightkeepers because this was one of the few non-clerical
government positions open to them. The first woman lightkeeper, Ann, inherited
the job in 1830, when her father, James Davis, died. She held on to the job for
17 years. She probably didn’t earn the same wage as her father, but her 17 years
of service clearly topped his 3 months in the position. Male lightkeepers
followed Ann, but none of them lasted very long in the job. Then another woman,
Martha Edwards, took over for 2 years. She was followed by her daughter,
Pamelia, who kept the light at Point Lookout from 1855 through 1869. Go
Pamelia! I enjoy writing down women’s names, whenever they are available –
there have been far too many “anonymous” women in history. It’s way past time
to give credit to all the pioneering women who preceded us.
Here ends the umpteenth blog on another Civil War fort, another haunted
lighthouse, and another diatribe about the mistreatment of African-Americans
and the failure to acknowledge women in history. Amen.